Toxoplasmosis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect dogs as well as humans and other warm-blooded animals. While cats are the primary hosts where this parasite completes its life cycle, dogs become infected most commonly by ingesting contaminated cat faeces, raw or undercooked meat, or unwashed vegetables. Understanding how this parasite spreads and affects dogs is key to keeping your pet safe.

The Causes of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

The parasite T. gondii relies on cats as hosts for its reproduction in the intestinal tract, after which it is shed into the environment via cat faeces. Dogs may ingest these infectious oocysts directly by eating cat faeces or indirectly through eating contaminated meat or unwashed produce. There are two main forms of toxoplasmosis infections in dogs:

• Chronic toxoplasmosis: A milder form that can persist over time.
• Acute toxoplasmosis: A symptomatic, often more severe form with noticeable illness.

Raw feeding or allowing dogs access to areas contaminated by cat faeces significantly increase the risk of infection. Responsible pet owners can help reduce this risk by supervising their dogs and ensuring a clean environment.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

Toxoplasmosis symptoms in dogs can vary widely and often resemble other illnesses, making diagnosis challenging. Common signs include:

• Neurological problems such as seizures, tremors, and paralysis.
• Lethargy, depression, and muscle weakness.
• Difficulty breathing or coughing.
• Fever, weight loss, and loss of appetite.
• Digestive upset including vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain.
• Inflammation in eye tissues (keratitis, uveitis, retinitis) and tonsils (tonsillitis).
• Jaundice indicating liver involvement.

Puppies and dogs with weakened immune systems are especially vulnerable. If your dog shows these signs, a veterinary check-up is essential.

How Vets Diagnose Toxoplasmosis

Diagnosis requires a detailed health history and symptom description. Your vet will perform a thorough physical examination and recommend tests such as:

• Complete blood count and biochemistry profile.
• Urinalysis.
• Serological tests to detect Toxoplasma antibodies or antigens.
• Cerebrospinal fluid examination to assess neurological impact.

A low white blood cell count, particularly of neutrophils and lymphocytes, may suggest infection. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes.

Treatment and Care for Affected Dogs

Not all infected dogs require treatment, especially if they have mild or no symptoms. For symptomatic or severely affected dogs, treatment includes:

• Antibiotics such as clindamycin to target the parasite.
• Supportive care including fluid therapy for dehydration.
• Hospitalisation for intensive care in severe cases.
• Medications to control seizures or other neurological signs if present.

It is crucial to complete the entire course of medication to ensure the infection is fully cleared. Regular vet follow-ups are recommended to monitor recovery.

Preventing Toxoplasmosis in Your Dog

Prevention is the best approach. Practical steps include:

• Preventing dogs from eating cat faeces by managing their environment.
• Avoid feeding raw or undercooked meat and ensuring all vegetables are thoroughly washed.
• Keeping your dog's living area clean and free of feline faeces.
• Regular veterinary checks and prompt attention to any symptoms.

Responsible pet ownership and maintaining good hygiene go a long way in protecting your dog from this infection.

What Is the Risk to Humans?

Puppies and dogs can carry T. gondii but the predominant source of infection to humans is exposure to infected cat faeces or contaminated food. Hand washing after handling pets and their waste, and following food safety practices reduce the risk significantly.

When to See a Vet

If you observe any signs of illness in your dog, particularly neurological symptoms or digestive upset, seek veterinary advice promptly. Early intervention can prevent complications and improve your pet’s quality of life.

Conclusion

Toxoplasmosis is a potentially serious infection in dogs caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Understanding its causes, recognising symptoms, and following veterinary-recommended treatment help safeguard your dog’s health. Good hygiene and avoiding risky feeding practices remain the best prevention. Responsible pet ownership will keep your dog and family safe.