Tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD) in Dogs: Causes, Diagnosis & Care
Tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD) is a congenital heart defect affecting some dog breeds, including Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds. This condition involves malformation of the tricuspid valve leaflets and chordae tendineae, leading to improper valve function.
Understanding Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia
TVD results from a shortening or deformation of the tricuspid valve leaflets and chordae tendineae, causing parts of the valve to stick to the ventricular wall. This hampers the valve’s ability to prevent blood from leaking back into the right atrium, causing increased blood volume and pressure there.
Over time, this causes the right ventricle to enlarge to manage the extra volume, while the left side of the heart gradually atrophies, reducing blood flow efficiency. Right-sided congestive heart failure may develop, accompanied by symptoms such as exercise intolerance and abdominal fluid accumulation (ascites).
Which Breeds are Most Affected?
Although TVD is rare, certain breeds are notably predisposed, including:
- Pyrenean Mountain Dog
- Old English Sheepdog
- Great Dane
- Irish Setter
- German Shepherd
- Labrador Retriever
Studies show that purebred dogs tend to have a higher incidence of TVD compared to mixed breeds. Responsible breeders should screen their dogs for this condition to reduce its prevalence.
Recognising Symptoms and Diagnosing TVD
Typical signs include heart murmurs detected during a veterinary exam, weakness, fainting, and abdominal distension due to fluid build-up. Many dogs show symptoms between one and three years of age, though older dogs can also be diagnosed.
Veterinary diagnosis involves detailed history, physical examination, and specific tests such as:
- Thoracic X-rays to assess heart size and chamber enlargement
- Electrocardiography to evaluate heart rhythms and severity
- Echocardiography to visualise valve structure and blood flow
Treatment and Ongoing Care
Currently, there is no definitive surgical cure widely available. Treatment focuses on palliative care to manage symptoms like abdominal fluid build-up, often requiring repeated veterinary procedures to remove fluids and alleviate discomfort.
Though some dogs with right heart failure maintain a reasonable quality of life for some time, repeated interventions can be stressful. Humane euthanasia is sometimes considered the kindest option when disease progression significantly reduces wellbeing.
Emerging surgical techniques under specialised cardiac care have shown promise for some patients, but these are not yet standard practice. Pet owners should discuss all options and quality of life considerations thoroughly with their vet.
Associated Heart Defects
Dogs with TVD may also have other cardiac conditions such as:
- Mitral valve dysplasia
- Septal defects
- Subaortic stenosis
- Pulmonic stenosis
These additional defects can complicate diagnosis and treatment, necessitating comprehensive veterinary evaluation.
Responsible Breeding and Owner Awareness
Since TVD has a genetic basis, ethical breeding with health screening is essential to reduce incidence. Prospective dog owners should seek out reputable breeders who test for this condition, ensuring healthier puppies and reduced suffering.
Regular veterinary check-ups and early cardiac screenings for at-risk breeds can help catch TVD early, enabling better management and improved outcomes.
Summary
Tricuspid valve dysplasia is a rare but serious congenital heart defect primarily seen in some large and medium breeds. While it can lead to progressive heart failure, early recognition, veterinary care, and responsible breeding are key to managing the condition compassionately. Pet owners facing this diagnosis should work closely with their vet to support their dog’s comfort and quality of life.
