Urinary Tract Blockages in Cats: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Urinary tract blockages, particularly in male cats, are serious medical emergencies needing urgent attention. This condition occurs when the urethra—the tube carrying urine from the bladder—is blocked either partially or completely. The blockage prevents your cat from passing urine normally, causing the bladder to become overfilled and highly painful. If left untreated, this can rapidly lead to life-threatening kidney failure and other severe complications.

Understanding the Causes of Urinary Tract Blockages in Cats

There are several reasons why a urinary blockage may occur in cats, including:

• Urethral plugs: A combination of mineral crystals, mucus, and cellular debris that form a sticky plug blocking urine flow.
• Bladder stones (uroliths): Mineral deposits that can grow into stones and obstruct the urethra.
• Urethral spasms and inflammation: Muscle spasms or swelling can narrow the urethra, causing functional blockage.
• Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC): A common inflammatory bladder condition that increases obstruction risk.
• Other causes: Tumours, urethral injury or scar tissue, and prostate disease in male cats.

Which Cats Are Most at Risk?

Male cats are much more prone to urinary blockages than females due to their longer, narrower urethra. Older cats also carry a higher risk. Additionally, cats fed exclusively on dry food may have reduced water intake, increasing crystal and stone formation risk. Increasing wet food or ensuring varied hydration can help reduce this risk.

Recognising the Symptoms

One of the first and clearest signs is straining to urinate with little or no urine passed. Because cats often urinate outside where owners may not observe, providing a litter tray indoors occasionally helps you monitor urine output. Common symptoms include:

• Repeated attempts to urinate with little success
• Hunched posture during attempts, sometimes mistaken for constipation
• Passing only small amounts of dark, cloudy, or blood-tinged urine
• Strong urine odour
• Signs of pain such as crying while urinating
• General lethargy, loss of appetite, and depression

These symptoms should never be ignored, as untreated blockages cause extreme discomfort and can quickly progress to kidney failure.

How Is a Urinary Blockage Diagnosed?

A veterinary examination is essential. The vet will palpate your cat’s abdomen to check for an enlarged bladder and run blood and urine tests to assess kidney function and look for signs of infection or electrolyte imbalance. Imaging such as X-rays or ultrasound may be required to identify physical obstructions like stones.

Treatment Options and What to Expect

Emergency veterinary care aims to remove the blockage promptly and safely. Treatment often involves:

• Catheter placement: Inserting a tube under sedation or anaesthesia to clear obstructions and flush the bladder.
• Intravenous fluids: To rehydrate the cat and correct electrolyte imbalances.
• Pain management: To alleviate the significant discomfort caused by the blockage.
• Diet and medication: Prescription diets low in minerals and medications to prevent future crystal formation and reduce inflammation.

In some severe or recurrent cases, surgery (perineal urethrostomy) may be recommended to widen the urethra and prevent future blockages.

Managing and Preventing Recurrence

Cats that have experienced urinary blockages are at much higher risk of recurrence. Owners should:

• Provide easy access to fresh water and increase wet food portions to promote hydration.
• Use indoor litter trays regularly to monitor urine output and volume.
• Follow veterinary advice on diet changes and medication adherence.
• Watch for early signs of discomfort or difficulty urinating and seek prompt veterinary care.

How Urinary Blockages Affect Your Cat’s Health and Wellbeing

Prompt treatment usually results in good recovery, but delays can cause serious complications, including bladder rupture and fatal kidney damage. Being attentive and proactive is the best way to protect your cat’s health and comfort.

Key Takeaway

Urinary tract blockages in cats, especially males, are a painful emergency. Early recognition of symptoms and swift veterinary care are essential to save your cat’s life. By understanding causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention strategies, you can help your feline friend avoid this distressing condition.