Uveitis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Guide

Uveitis is a concerning eye condition in dogs marked by inflammation within the uveal tract—the pigmented middle layer of the eye comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This inflammation can cause discomfort, changes in eye appearance, and, if untreated, may lead to permanent blindness. Understanding uveitis’ various types, symptoms, causes, and treatments helps you protect your dog’s vision and wellbeing.

In this guide, we will explore all you need to know about canine uveitis, including how vets diagnose it and current UK treatment approaches to optimise your dog's eye health.

What is uveitis in dogs? Understanding the condition

Uveitis refers to inflammation affecting any or all parts of the uvea. It is classified based on the area affected:

• Anterior uveitis: Involves the front portion of the uveal tract, mainly the iris and ciliary body. This is the most common form in dogs and often linked to infections, immune disorders, or trauma.
• Posterior uveitis: Affects the choroid and retina at the back of the eye. It’s less common and more difficult to diagnose but carries risks such as retinal detachment and vision loss.
• Panuveitis: Inflammation of the entire uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid), a severe form causing widespread eye inflammation, pain, light sensitivity, and potentially serious complications like glaucoma or blindness.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential as uveitis can cause lasting damage without intervention.

What causes uveitis in dogs? Main triggers and risk factors

Uveitis may result from primary eye problems or systemic diseases affecting the whole body. Sometimes the underlying cause remains unknown, called idiopathic uveitis. Common causes your vet will consider include:

• Eye trauma or injuries causing direct inflammation.
• Eye infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic.
• Immune-mediated or autoimmune diseases where the body attacks eye tissues unexpectedly.
• Cancers involving or near the eye.
• Metabolic or systemic disorders influencing eye health.
• Notably, leptospirosis, a bacterial infection, is a significant cause worldwide and can cause uveitis even before other symptoms appear in dogs.

Identifying the underlying cause is vital in managing uveitis effectively and preventing recurrences.

Recognising uveitis symptoms in your dog

Uveitis symptoms can overlap with other eye issues, making veterinary evaluation key. Watch for signs such as:

• Red, inflamed eyes with a sore appearance.
• Cloudy or dull eye colour, including patchy or changed iris colour.
• Excessive tearing or mucky discharge that may stain fur around the eyes.
• Swollen eyes within their sockets.
• Sensitivity to bright light, causing your dog to squint or keep eyes partially closed (blepharospasm).
• Unequal pupil sizes or abnormally small pupils.
• Pain causing your dog to avoid having their face or eyes touched.
• Reduced brightness or alertness in the eyes.

Because symptoms develop gradually and can be subtle, regular checks and prompt veterinary assessment remain important if you notice any changes in your dog's eyes.

Diagnosing uveitis: What to expect at the vet

Veterinarians will perform a thorough eye examination including tests such as:

• Assessing the pupillary light reflex to evaluate pupil responses.
• Using specialised equipment like an ophthalmoscope or slit lamp to examine interior eye structures.
• Measuring intraocular pressure with a tonometer; uveitis often causes low pressure distinguishing it from glaucoma.
• Imaging such as ultrasound may be required for deeper eye assessment.
• Blood tests, urinalysis, and screening for infectious diseases including leptospirosis help identify any systemic causes.

Referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist may be needed for complex cases.

Treatment and management of uveitis in dogs

Early, aggressive treatment is critical to relieve pain, control inflammation, and prevent permanent damage. Treatment commonly includes:

• Topical corticosteroid eye drops or ointments to reduce inflammation.
• Atropine eye drops to relax the iris, easing pain and preventing scar formation.
• Oral anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs for severe or systemic cases.
• Antibiotics or antifungals if a bacterial or fungal infection is the cause.
• Pain relief medications where necessary.

Untreated uveitis risks glaucoma, cataracts, retinal detachment, and irreversible blindness. Many dogs require lifelong treatment and regular follow-up exams to detect and manage complications early.

Promoting responsible pet ownership and eye health

Regular veterinary check-ups help detect eye problems early. Protect dogs from eye injuries by supervising outdoor play and avoiding exposure to toxins or harmful substances near their face.

If adopting or purchasing a puppy or dog, consider buying from reputable breeders who prioritise health screening, including ocular health, to reduce inherited eye diseases.

Promptly addressing any signs of ocular discomfort or changes maintains your dog's quality of life and preserves vision for years to come.

Summary and next steps for caring for a dog with uveitis

Uveitis is a serious but manageable inflammation of the eye’s uveal tract that can cause pain and threaten sight. The key to good outcomes lies in early recognition, diagnostic precision, and collaborative treatment between vets and specialists.

If you notice red eyes, discharge, squinting, or other symptoms, arrange a prompt veterinary eye exam without delay.

For dogs diagnosed with uveitis, follow your vet’s treatment plan carefully, attend scheduled rechecks, and monitor for any new symptoms or changes.

Stay informed and proactive—the best way to help your dog is by being vigilant and seeking veterinary care promptly.