What are Viral Papillomas in Dogs? Causes & Care

Viral papillomas are warts caused by infection with the species-specific canine papillomavirus (CPV). These small, benign growths commonly appear on a dog’s skin or mucous membranes, particularly in the mouth, feet, and abdomen. While they often look daunting, they are mostly harmless and tend to resolve naturally as the dog’s immune system strengthens.

What Are Viral Papillomas in Dogs?

Viral papillomas in dogs are cauliflower-like growths or warts that typically appear in clusters rather than singly. Unlike human warts, which tend to be round and smooth, canine papillomas have a rough or bumpy surface and sometimes resemble tiny cauliflowers. They most commonly affect young dogs but can also appear in older or immunocompromised animals. These growths may sometimes become red or infected, causing discomfort.

Common Affected Areas of Viral Papillomas

In puppies and young dogs under two years old, viral papillomas usually develop around the lips, muzzle, and occasionally the eyelids or between the toes. Older dogs may develop these warts on other body parts including the head or paws. The warts tend to grow in clumps and can occasionally interfere with a dog’s ability to eat or walk if located near the mouth or feet.

How Are Viral Papillomas Transmitted?

The canine papillomavirus is contagious between dogs but cannot be passed to humans or other animals. Transmission occurs primarily through direct contact with an infected dog's warts or via contaminated objects in the dog's environment. The virus enters the system through breaks in the skin, while healthy skin is resistant. The incubation period ranges from about 2 to 6 months after exposure.

Why Are Young Dogs More Prone to Viral Papillomas?

Puppies and young dogs have immature immune systems that are less effective at fighting off infections, making them more susceptible to canine papillomavirus. Additionally, dogs receiving immunosuppressive treatments such as cyclosporine may also be at increased risk due to compromised immunity. While it is still unclear whether dogs must display symptoms to be contagious or the exact quarantine period, studies show the virus can survive for up to two months in cool environments but only hours at higher temperatures.

Risks and Complications Associated with Viral Papillomas

Although usually harmless, papilloma warts can pose issues if they grow excessively or become infected. Oral papillomas are particularly prone to bacterial infection due to the naturally bacteria-rich environment of the mouth, potentially requiring antibiotic treatment. It is very rare for papillomas to develop into malignant tumours. Most warts clear up naturally within 1 to 5 months as the dog's immune system develops a targeted response.

Treatment Options for Viral Papillomas in Dogs

In most cases, treatment is unnecessary because the warts resolve on their own as immunity develops. However, if warts cause problems such as significant pain, difficulty eating, or become infected, veterinary intervention may be required. Options include surgical removal, cryotherapy (freezing off the growths), or antiviral medications. Newer topical treatments such as Imiquimod have proven effective but can be costly. Responsible veterinary advice should always guide treatment decisions.

Promoting Responsible Pet Ownership

If you suspect your dog has viral papillomas, seek prompt diagnosis from a reputable vet. Avoid exposing puppies or immunocompromised dogs to infected animals or environments. Maintaining good hygiene and monitoring your dog’s health helps prevent spread. Remember, early professional advice ensures the best care and peace of mind.

Conclusion

Viral papillomas are common, benign growths in young or immunocompromised dogs caused by the canine papillomavirus. While often alarming in appearance, they typically clear up naturally as the dog's immune system matures. Treatment is only needed if papillomas interfere with normal activities or become infected. Responsible veterinary care and monitoring will ensure your dog recovers comfortably without unnecessary intervention.