BVA/KC Chiari-malformation and Syringomyelia Testing Scheme for Dogs

The British Veterinary Association (BVA) and The Kennel Club (KC) have established a vital testing scheme to help improve the health of pedigree dog breeds by identifying and reducing the incidence of two serious neurological conditions: Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM). These conditions, often occurring together, can cause significant pain and neurological impairment in affected dogs, particularly impacting quality of life.

Both CM and SM are prevalent in certain small, brachycephalic breeds that may be predisposed due to skull shape and brain conformation. The scheme aims to provide breeders with clear, reliable information on these conditions to support responsible breeding decisions that prioritise the health and welfare of dogs.

Understanding Chiari Malformation

Chiari malformation is a developmental abnormality where the dog's brain is too large relative to its skull size. This leads to the cerebellum and brainstem being pushed into the opening at the base of the skull where the spine begins, disrupting the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This obstruction can cause severe discomfort and neurological symptoms in the dog.

What is Syringomyelia?

Syringomyelia commonly accompanies Chiari malformation and involves the formation of fluid-filled cavities (syrinxes) within the spinal cord. These pockets occur due to altered CSF flow caused by the CM obstruction, leading to nerve damage and chronic pain. Together, CM and SM can significantly affect an affected dog's health and quality of life.

Breeds Most at Risk

While theoretically any dog can develop CM and SM, these neurological conditions are most prevalent in small, flat-faced (brachycephalic) breeds. The Kennel Club recommends testing the following breeds, which are known to be at the greatest risk:

• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
• Affenpinscher
• Chihuahua
• Griffon Bruxellois
• Havanese
• King Charles Spaniel
• Maltese
• Papillon
• Pomeranian

Participation in the testing scheme is currently voluntary, but The Kennel Club strongly encourages owners and breeders of these breeds to have their dogs tested before breeding.

Should Your Dog Be Tested?

If you own one of the at-risk breeds, it is prudent to have your dog tested prior to breeding. CM and SM are painful and progressive conditions without effective treatments; thus, knowing your dog's status helps prevent passing these hereditary conditions to puppies. Even dogs that appear symptom-free may carry borderline anatomical issues that could result in affected offspring. Testing both prospective parents in any breeding pair is a responsible step towards raising healthier litters and improving breed welfare.

How Is Testing Performed?

Diagnosis of Chiari malformation and syringomyelia cannot be made by DNA tests. Instead, dogs must undergo an MRI scan of the head and upper spine performed at specialist veterinary centres approved by the scheme. The MRI images follow strict imaging protocols to capture detailed views necessary for accurate assessment.

Once completed, images are sent directly to the British Veterinary Association, where a panel of expert veterinary neurologists and radiologists analyse the scans. They determine whether central canal dilation or syringomyelia is present and measure the size of any syrinxes. Results are then returned to the scanning clinic, who informs the dog owner, and reported to The Kennel Club to be recorded on the breed's health database and published in breed records supplements.

The cost of an MRI scan varies by clinic, with an additional £100 including VAT charged for expert panel grading. Owners may appeal grading results for an extra fee if they disagree.

Latest Veterinary Consensus and Responsible Breeding

Current UK veterinary consensus continues to emphasise the importance of the BVA/KC testing scheme as a primary tool for supporting the neurological health of predisposed breeds. The scheme offers breeders certified, objective data enabling informed decisions that balance reducing disease prevalence with maintaining genetic diversity. By responsibly using these test results, breeders can gradually reduce CM and SM in vulnerable populations while promoting the health and welfare of future generations.

Testing and screening programmes like this exemplify best practices in responsible dog ownership and ethical breeding in the UK, representing a necessary step in tackling inherited health issues thoughtfully and compassionately.

Summary and Next Steps

The BVA/KC Chiari-malformation and Syringomyelia Testing Scheme provides a practical framework to identify these serious neurological issues in at-risk breeds. Owners and breeders of susceptible dogs, especially Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and other small brachycephalic breeds, should consider this testing before breeding.

Early detection through MRI and expert grading helps reduce the suffering caused by these painful conditions over time and improves the future health of pedigree dogs. Using the scheme's guidance contributes to responsible breeding practices and supports the long-term welfare of beloved pet breeds.