Chronic Superficial Keratitis (Pannus) in Dogs: Causes & Care

Chronic Superficial Keratitis, also known as Pannus, is a progressive immune-mediated eye condition affecting a dog's cornea. It is most common in breeds such as the German Shepherd, though other breeds like the Airedale Terrier and Greyhound are also susceptible. This condition causes blood vessels and scar tissue to develop on the cornea, leading to cloudiness and potential vision loss.

Understanding Chronic Superficial Keratitis: An Immune-Mediated Eye Disorder

Pannus is believed to be an immune-mediated disorder where the dog's immune system mistakenly attacks its cornea. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, particularly in German Shepherds. Environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, especially at higher altitudes, are also known to trigger or worsen the condition.

For example, dogs living in sunny, high-altitude areas may be more prone to developing pannus, and these cases tend to be more challenging to manage.

Breeds Most Affected

Several breeds are more prone to Chronic Superficial Keratitis due to genetic susceptibility. Key breeds affected include:

• German Shepherd
• Airedale Terrier
• Greyhound
• Miniature Pinscher
• Siberian Husky
• Belgian Malinois
• Labrador Retriever
• Border Collie

Causes and Contributing Factors

While the exact cause remains uncertain, several factors are implicated:

• Genetics: Some breeds carry inherited risk factors.
• Immune response: The body’s immune system attacks the cornea mistakenly.
• UV exposure: Prolonged sunlight exposure, especially at altitude, can trigger or worsen signs.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

Early detection is important to prevent vision loss. Typical signs include:

• Corneal cloudiness or an opaque appearance.
• Brownish or pinkish discoloration on the eye’s surface, usually starting at the outer edges.
• Blood vessels growing into the normally clear cornea.
• Gradual spreading of damage across the eye, potentially leading to blindness in severe cases.

If you notice these changes, a prompt veterinary examination is essential, as early treatment can slow progression.

Diagnosing Chronic Superficial Keratitis

Diagnosis involves a vet’s thorough eye examination. They may perform additional tests such as blood work or corneal cytology to confirm the inflammatory and immune-mediated nature of the condition. Early diagnosis and intervention are key in reducing long-term damage.

Effective Treatment Approaches

Though no cure exists, treatment focuses on managing inflammation to preserve vision:

• Corticosteroid therapy: Eye drops or ointments to reduce immune system activity and inflammation.
• Topical immunomodulators: Drugs like cyclosporine to control the immune response without the side effects of steroids.
• Surgical options: Occasionally considered when medical therapy fails, although the prognosis remains guarded due to potential recurrence.

It is vital that treatment continues regularly and is never stopped abruptly to prevent flare-ups that worsen corneal damage.

Living Well with a Dog Affected by Pannus

Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor disease progression and adapt treatment as needed. Protecting your dog’s eyes by limiting UV exposure with shade or UV-protective goggles can help manage symptoms. Should vision be impaired, maintaining a safe and familiar environment is crucial for your dog’s wellbeing.

Frequently Asked Question: How is Chronic Superficial Keratitis Diagnosed and Managed?

Quick Answer: Diagnosis is through clinical eye examination and sometimes blood tests, followed by ongoing topical immunosuppressive treatments to control inflammation.

Veterinary ophthalmologists rely on physical signs such as corneal pigmentation and vascularisation alongside breed predisposition. Cytology of the corneal lesions confirms immune cell involvement. Management typically involves corticosteroids or cyclosporine eye drops used consistently to slow progression, alongside measures to reduce UV exposure. Early diagnosis and lifelong treatment significantly improve the dog's quality of life and reduce the risk of blindness.