Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer) in Greyhounds: causes & treatment

Greyhounds are distinctive large, lean dogs known for their speed and versatility. While once popular in racing, this has declined in the UK. They are often called the world's fastest couch potatoes due to their combination of high running speed and love of long, restful naps.

Although generally healthy, greyhounds have a higher tendency toward certain hereditary conditions, including osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. This article explains osteosarcoma in greyhounds, highlighting risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and current treatment options so owners can understand and respond promptly.

What is osteosarcoma?

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in dogs, making up over 85% of canine bone cancers. It is a malignant tumour that usually originates in a leg bone but can also arise in the pelvis, spine, or jaw. Unlike some other cancers, osteosarcoma often spreads (metastasises) over time, affecting additional limbs or skeletal areas.

How common is osteosarcoma in greyhounds?

Although not widespread in the general dog population, osteosarcoma is relatively frequent in greyhounds. Studies suggest it may cause around 22% of fatalities in older greyhounds. This rate places greyhounds at notable risk compared to many other breeds, so awareness is vital among owners.

The risk is less than that seen in giant breeds like Great Danes or Scottish Deerhounds, but still significant to warrant careful monitoring.

Which greyhounds are most at risk?

Osteosarcoma tends to occur more in male greyhounds than females and is equally common among neutered and entire dogs. It mainly affects dogs aged between seven and nine, though cases do occur in younger dogs around one to two years old. Younger greyhounds are less frequently affected.

Recognising the symptoms of osteosarcoma

Symptoms are often variable and can delay diagnosis. Early signs include limping or tenderness in one limb, worsening pain after exercise, or reluctance to move. Owners might notice lumps or swelling over bones or pain and inflammation around the affected area.

General signs may include lethargy, low mood, and reduced appetite. If bones other than limbs are involved, symptoms might be subtle but still important to detect early. Prompt veterinary assessment is crucial when any concerns arise.

Diagnosing osteosarcoma

Your vet will examine your dog, discuss observed symptoms, and run diagnostic tests. These may include X-rays, biopsies, and blood or urine tests to confirm the presence of this bone cancer.

Treating and managing osteosarcoma in greyhounds

Treatment depends on the extent and location of the cancer, as well as overall health. If the cancer is confined to a limb and has not spread, amputation of the affected limb is often recommended to remove all cancerous tissue.

Chemotherapy may be combined with surgery or used alone to shrink tumours or slow progression if surgery is unfeasible. Not every case will be treatable, but early diagnosis improves chances of successful management and better quality of life.

New research in 2025 includes emerging therapies like antisense morpholinos aimed at improving outcomes for affected dogs.

Looking after your greyhound responsibly

As with any breed, responsible ownership includes regular veterinary check-ups, prompt attention to symptoms like persistent limping or lumps, and understanding breed-specific risks like osteosarcoma. Always work closely with your vet to support your dog’s health and wellbeing.

For prospective owners, consider sourcing puppies from reputable greyhound breeders who prioritise health screening and ethical breeding practices.

Common questions from greyhound owners

What age do greyhounds usually develop osteosarcoma?

Quick Answer: Osteosarcoma most commonly appears in greyhounds aged seven to nine years, though younger dogs between one and two years can occasionally be affected.

Veterinary research supports that mature to senior greyhounds are at highest risk. Early detection in this age group can improve treatment success.

Is osteosarcoma more common in male or female greyhounds?

Quick Answer: Male greyhounds are more frequently diagnosed with osteosarcoma than females, while neuter status does not significantly alter risk.

This pattern suggests possible genetic or hormonal influences. Both neutered and entire males should be monitored equally.

Can osteosarcoma be prevented in greyhounds?

Quick Answer: There is currently no guaranteed prevention for osteosarcoma, but good genetic screening and responsible breeding lower hereditary risk factors.

Early veterinary examination and awareness of symptoms allow prompt diagnosis, which is key to managing outcomes.

Conclusion

Osteosarcoma is a serious condition that affects greyhounds more than some other breeds, especially mature males. Recognising symptoms such as lameness, limb swelling, or unexplained pain, and seeking early veterinary advice can improve chances of effective treatment.

Owners should foster responsible care, monitor their dogs closely, and consult vets promptly with any concerns to protect their beloved companions.