Patella Luxation in Yorkshire Terriers: Causes, Signs & Care

Joint problems in pets can be distressing for both owners and their animals. While many have heard of hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia, patella luxation is a lesser-known but common condition affecting the kneecap, especially in small breeds like the Yorkshire Terrier.

This guide focuses on Yorkshire Terriers and similar small breeds, detailing the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, aftercare, and responsible ownership advice based on the latest 2025 UK veterinary consensus.

What is Patella Luxation?

Patella luxation occurs when the patella (kneecap) dislocates from its normal position in the groove at the front of the knee joint. In Yorkshire Terriers, the patella commonly shifts medially (toward the inside of the leg) due to developmental bone and limb conformation abnormalities. This displacement limits knee function and may lead to pain, inflammation, and progressive joint damage including osteoarthritis.

Which Breeds are Affected?

While patella luxation can develop in many breeds, Yorkshire Terriers show a high prevalence of about 25-26%, likely due to their small size and bowed legs. Other small breeds frequently affected include Miniature and Toy Poodles, Pomeranians, Chihuahuas, Pekingese, and Boston Terriers.

Signs and Diagnosis of Patella Luxation

Typical signs include a skipping or unusual gait, intermittent limping, visible discomfort in the knee, swelling, or muscle loss in the affected leg—though muscle wastage is less common. Often, the dog may appear to 'skip' as the patella moves out and back into its groove intermittently.

Veterinary diagnosis involves a thorough clinical exam where the vet manipulates the knee to test patella stability. X-rays can reveal bone deformities and any osteoarthritis. The condition is graded from 1 (mild, occasional luxation) to 4 (severe, permanent displacement).

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on severity:

• Grades 1 and 2: Managed conservatively with controlled exercise, weight management to reduce joint strain, and therapies such as hydrotherapy to strengthen muscles and maintain joint mobility.
• Grades 3 and 4: Typically require surgery to correct bone alignment, deepen the groove, or reshape the femur, aiming to stabilise the patella and prevent further damage.

Aftercare and Recovery

Post-surgery, restricted activity and pain management are essential. Physiotherapy, including hydrotherapy, helps regain muscle strength and joint movement. Maintaining a healthy weight and preventing strenuous activity reduces joint stress during recovery.

In cases affecting both knees, veterinary surgeons often operate on the worse knee first to preserve mobility. Regular vet check-ups help monitor joint health and manage complications like osteoarthritis.

Can Patella Luxation Recur?

Reoccurrence is possible, especially with underlying anatomical challenges, overweight dogs, or high activity. Osteoarthritis is a common lasting effect, requiring lifelong management with supplements and anti-inflammatory medications to ensure a comfortable quality of life.

Responsible Dog Ownership and Prevention

To reduce patella luxation risks and support affected dogs:

• Choose Yorkshire Terrier puppies from reputable breeders who screen for hereditary conditions.
• Maintain your dog's ideal weight with balanced nutrition and appropriate exercise.
• Avoid high-impact activities that may stress the knees.
• Use non-slip flooring at home to prevent falls.
• Seek veterinary advice promptly if you notice abnormal gait or discomfort.
• Comply diligently with treatment and rehabilitation plans including physiotherapy.
• Schedule regular veterinary assessments to track joint health over time.

By following these guidelines, Yorkshire Terrier owners can better manage patella luxation and support their pet's wellbeing.