5 FAQs About BOAS in Dogs: Understanding and Managing Risks

BOAS, or brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, describes a range of upper airway problems in certain flat-faced dog breeds that seriously impact their health. This condition affects dogs’ breathing and quality of life and requires informed, responsible ownership and veterinary care.

Despite its prevalence in popular UK breeds like the French bulldog, English bulldog, and pug, many puppy buyers unknowingly acquire affected dogs. Irresponsible breeding focused on appearance rather than health exacerbates the issue.

Getting factual information is vital before choosing a brachycephalic breed puppy. This guide answers five frequently asked questions about BOAS to help prospective owners make informed, healthy choices.

1. What Does BOAS Mean?

BOAS stands for "brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome." It is not a single disease but a collection of airway abnormalities that vary in severity depending on the dog's facial structure.

Affected dogs typically have a shortened muzzle and thick soft palate that obstruct their breathing. Key anatomical defects include:

• Longer and thicker than usual soft palate
• Narrowed nostrils (stenotic nares)
• Underdeveloped windpipe (tracheal hypoplasia)
• Everted laryngeal saccules blocking airflow

These issues restrict airflow, causing distress, poor oxygenation, and limiting exercise tolerance. Dogs with severe BOAS may suffer dangerously from heat and exertion, sometimes fatally.

2. Which Dog Breeds Might Have BOAS?

Any breed with a brachycephalic, or flat-faced, conformation may develop BOAS. Besides the commonly known French bulldog, English bulldog, and pug, others include the Boston terrier, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, and Boxer. Each breed and individual dog may show differing degrees of the condition.

Before buying a puppy of any brachycephalic breed, research carefully to understand the risks involved and seek reputable breeders who prioritise health and welfare.

3. Do All Brachycephalic Dogs Have BOAS?

Not all brachycephalic dogs have clinically significant BOAS. The condition occurs on a sliding scale correlating with the flatness of the muzzle. Dogs with mild facial flatness may have negligible airway issues, while those with extreme flatness often have severe symptoms.

Sadly, the dogs with the most acute BOAS are often those considered most desirable for their unique look, driving demand despite health concerns. Responsible ownership means recognising this and making informed choices.

4. How Serious is BOAS?

The seriousness depends on the extent of airway obstruction:

• Mild BOAS might cause occasional breathing noises but rarely limits activity
• Moderate BOAS can reduce exercise tolerance and increase heat sensitivity
• Severe BOAS causes constant breathing difficulty, limit movement to gentle walks, risk heatstroke, and pose life-threatening distress

Recognising the signs early and providing appropriate care can improve affected dogs' quality of life.

5. Can BOAS Be Treated or Cured?

Currently, BOAS cannot be cured. Mild to moderate cases are managed with lifestyle adjustments such as weight control, avoiding strenuous exercise, and keeping dogs cool in hot weather.

Severe cases might benefit from veterinary surgical procedures, including nostril widening, soft palate resection, or removal of obstructive tissues, which can improve breathing and comfort. However, surgery can be costly, complex, and does not fully restore normal breathing in all cases.

Close veterinary collaboration is essential for best outcomes, and owners should be prepared for lifelong management to protect their dog's welfare.

Final Thoughts

BOAS is a serious, lifelong condition affecting many beloved brachycephalic breeds prevalent in the UK. Prospective owners should prioritise health, seek responsible breeders, and be prepared for dedicated care and veterinary involvement.

Recent measures, such as the Respiratory Function Grading scheme introduced by The Kennel Club for shows like Crufts in 2025, highlight the increasing focus on early detection and responsible breeding to reduce BOAS impact.

Understanding BOAS and making well-informed choices helps ensure a happier, healthier life for flat-faced dogs and their families.